Eczema is a skin condition characterized by dry, itchy skin. There are several forms. The most common form, atopic dermatitis, causes an intensely itchy rash, redness, swelling and cracking of the skin. Sometimes clear fluid seeps from the cracks, then crusts over, forming scales. Continual scratching can cause patches of skin to thicken. In babies, the symptoms tend to occur on the forehead, cheeks, forearms, legs, neck and scalp. Older children and adults are more likely to have eczema patches on their face, neck, insides of the elbows, knees and ankles.

For some patients, eczema symptoms can be quite severe. The itching may be intense and unrelenting. Dry, red, oozing and crusting skin patches can be an embarrassment. The symptoms can interfere with sleep and a child's complaints of itching may also disrupt parents' sleep. In one study, mothers of small children (five and under) with eczema reported significantly higher levels of stress compared to moms of children without eczema.

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, about 15 million Americans have some form of eczema. The condition affects 10 to 20 percent of all infants. Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of eczema has increased by 15 to 20 percent. The exact cause of the condition isn't known. The condition tends to run in families. In addition, allergy and environmental factors may also play a role in risk for the condition. Irritants, stress, heat, sweating and infections can trigger the symptoms.

Lawrence Eichenfield, M.D., a Pediatric Dermatologist with Rady Children's Hospital & Health Center in San Diego, says skin characteristics may also be involved in the development of eczema. Instead of being soft, moist and flexible, areas of eczema skin contains tiny cracks. Some researchers believe allergens or other substances travel through these openings in the skin, triggering an immune reaction that plays a role in eczema symptoms.

Treating Eczema

Eichenfield says the first step in treating eczema involves getting the symptoms under control. Moisturizers are needed to keep the skin soft. The best time to use them is after a bath to "seal in" moisture from the bath water. Don't use soaps that can strip natural oils from the skin, perfumes or other irritants. Experts also recommend avoiding warm clothing (to avoid overheating) or fabrics that are stiff or "nubbly," like wools. Cool compresses can sometimes help relieve itching. Topical steroid creams and ointments may reduce inflammation and itching. If infections develop, antibiotics may be needed. Prescription medications are available to help patients with more severe or unrelenting itching.

Once the damaged skin is repaired and the eczema symptoms are under control, many patients find they are able to easily manage minor flares. The American Academy of Dermatology says about half of all children with eczema will see a significant improvement in their symptoms by their teen years.

Eichenfield says many skin conditions can mimic the signs of eczema. So if symptoms persist, patients should see a physician for proper diagnosis and treatment.

For information on eczema:

American Academy of Dermatology

National Eczema Association for Science and Education

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases